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Journalism
Journalism is a discipline of gathering, writing and reporting news, and more
broadly it includes the process of editing and presenting the news articles.
Journalism applies to various media, including but not limited to newspapers,
magazines, radio, and television. While under pressure to be the first to
publish their stories, news media organizations—each adhering to its own
standards of accuracy, quality, and style—usually edit and proofread their
reports prior to publication. Many news organizations claim proud traditions of
holding government officials and institutions accountable to the public, while
media critics have raised questions about holding the press itself accountable.
The digitalization of news production and the diffusion capabilities of the
internet are challenging the traditional journalistic professional culture. The
concept of participatory or citizen journalism proposes that amateur reporters
can actually produce their own stories either inside or outside professional
media outlets, and thus end the monopoly the press holds over information
production. Journalism's main activities include stating who, what, when, where,
why and how (see the Five Ws), and stating the significance and effects of
certain events or trends. Journalism exists in a number of media: newspapers,
television, radio, magazines and, most recently, the World Wide Web through the
Internet. Journalists, especially if they cover a specific subject or area (a
"beat") are expected to cultivate sources, people in the subject or area, that
they can communicate with, either to explain the details of a story, or to
provide leads to other subjects of stories yet to be reported. They are also
expected to develop their investigative skills to better research and report
stories.
Journalists enjoy similar powers and privileges as private citizens and
organizations. The power of journalists over private citizens is limited by the
citizen's rights to privacy. Many who seek favorable representation in the press
(celebrities, for example) do grant journalists greater access than others
enjoy. The right to privacy of a private citizen may be reduced or lost if the
citizen is thrust into the public eye, either by their own actions or because
they are involved in a public event or incident. Citizens and private
organizations can refuse to deal with some or all journalists; the powers the
press enjoy in many nations often make this tactic ineffective or
counter-productive. In many nations, journalists and news organizations must
function under similar threat of retaliation from private individuals or
organizations as from governments. Criminals and criminal organizations,
political parties, some zealous religious organizations, and even mobs of people
have been known to punish journalists who speak or write about them in ways they
do not like. Punishments can include threats, physical damage to property,
assault, torture and murder.
News-oriented journalism was described by former Washington Post editor, Phil
Graham, as "a first rough draft of history", because journalists often record
important historical events as they are happening, but just the same, they must
produce their news articles on short deadlines. Learn Journalism, SCHOOLS
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Guidance Journalism, Graduate Journalism, Higher Studies in Journalism. |
